Pengembangan Literasi

Ketentuan Umum Pengembangan Literasi di Sekolah

Sejak  tahun 2016 Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan menggiatkan Gerakan Literasi Nasional (GLN) sebagai bagian dari implementasi dari Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 23 Tahun 2015 tentang Penumbuhan Budi Pekerti. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan membentuk kelompok kerja Gerakan Literasi Nasional untuk mengoordinasikan berbagai kegiatan literasi yang dikelola unit-unit kerja terkait. Gerakan Literasi Masyarakat, misalnya, sudah lama dikembangkan Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dan Pendidikan Masyarakat (Ditjen PAUD Dikmas), sebagai tindak lanjut dari program pemberantasan buta aksara yang mendapatkan penghargaan UNESCO pada tahun 2012 (angka melek aksara sebesar 96,51%). Sejak tahun 2015 Ditjen PAUD Dikmas juga menggerakkan literasi keluarga dalam rangka pemberdayaan keluarga meningkatkan minat baca anak.

Bersamaan dengan itu, Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah mengembangkan Gerakan Literasi Sekolah untuk meningkatkan daya baca siswa dan Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa menggerakkan literasi bangsa dengan menerbitkan buku-buku pendukung bagi siswa yang berbasis pada kearifan lokal. Tahun 2017 ini Direktorat Jenderal Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan (Ditjen GTK) menggagas Gerakan Satu Guru Satu Buku untuk meningkatkan kompetensi dan kinerja guru dalam pembelajaran baca dan tulis.

Pada tahun 2017 Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa diberi amanah menjadi Koordinator GLN. Beberapa kegiatan yang dilakukan antara lain penajaman konsep GLN, Diskusi Kelompok Terpumpun dengan pakar dan pegiat literasi, lokakarya penyusunan peta jalan, panduan, dan materi pendukung GLN, Diskusi Kelompok Terpumpun dengan Kementerian/Lembaga, koordinasi dan sinkronisasi kegiatan lintas unit utama, dan persiapan pencanangan GLN yang akan digelar bertepatan dengan Hari Sumpah Pemuda pada tanggal 28 Oktober 2017 di Plasa Insan Berprestasi, Gedung Ki Hajar Dewantara, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Gerakan Literasi Nasional merupakan upaya untuk memperkuat sinergi antarunit utama pelaku gerakan literasi dengan menghimpun semua potensi dan memperluas keterlibatan publik dalam menumbuhkembangkan dan membudayakan literasi di Indonesia. Gerakan ini akan dilaksanakan secara menyeluruh dan serentak, mulai dari ranah keluarga sampai ke sekolah dan masyarakat di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Meningkatkan literasi bangsa perlu dibingkai dalam sebuah gerakan nasional yang terintegrasi, tidak parsial, sendiri-sendiri, atau ditentukan oleh kelompok tertentu. Gerakan literasi tidak hanya menjadi tanggung jawab pemerintah, tetapi juga tanggung jawab semua pemangku kepentingan termasuk dunia usaha, perguruan tinggi, organisasi sosial, pegiat literasi, orang tua, dan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, pelibatan publik dalam setiap kegiatan literasi menjadi sangat penting

Berdasarkan hasil telaah dari berbagai referensi dan sudut pandang, kita bisa memaknai bahwa literasi adalah seperangkat kemampuan dan keterampilan  individu dalam membaca, menulis, berbicara, menghitung dan memecahkan masalah pada tingkat keahlian tertentu yang diperlukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Pengertian literasi diatas didasarkan dari beberapa referensi yang menjabarkan tentang apa itu literasi, rinciannya adalah sebagai berikut. Check this out!

  • Istilah literasi dalam bahasa latin disebut sebagai Literatusyang artinya adalah orang yang belajar.
  • Selanjutnya National Institut for Literacysendiri menjelaskan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan literasi adalah kemampuan seseorang untuk membaca, menulis, berbicara, menghitung dan memecahkan masalah pada tingkat keahlian yang diperlukan dalam pekerjaan, keluarga dan masyarakat.
  • Education Development Center (EDC)juga turut menjabarkan pengertian dari literasi, yaitu kemampuan individu untuk menggunakan potensi serta skill yang dimilikinya, dan tidak sebatas hanya kemampuan baca tulis saja.
  • Lebih lanjut lagi, UNESCO juga menjelaskan bahwa literasi adalah seperangkat keterampilan yang nyata, khususnya keterampilan kognitif dalam membaca dan menulis yang terlepas dari konteks dimana keterampilan yang dimaksud diperoleh, dari siapa keterampilan tersebut diperoleh dan bagaimana cara memperolehnya. Menurut UNESCO, pemahaman seseorang mengenai literasi ini akan dipengaruhi oleh kompetensi bidang akademik, konteks nasional, institusi, nila-nilai budaya serta pengalaman.
  • Kemudian, di dalam kamus online Merriam – Webster, dijelaskan bahwa literasi adalah kemampuan atau kualitas melek aksara dimana di dalamnya terdapat kemampuan membaca, menulis dan juga mengenali serta memahami ide-ide secara visual.

Dari beberapa pengertian tersebut, kita kemudian tahu bahwa yang namanya literasi itu tidak bisa dilepaskan dari bahasa. Kita bisa disebut sebagai orang yang memiliki kemampuan literasi bila kita sudah mendapatkan kemampuan dasar dalam berbahasa yakni menyimak, berbicara, membaca serta menulis, sehingga dengan demikian kita juga tahu bahwa kemampuan menyimak, berbicara, membaca, dan tulis adalah pintu pengembangan makna literasi selanjutnya.

2.   Model Program Literasi Literasi

Sekarang ini, istilah literasi sudah mulai digunakan dalam skala yang lebih luas tetapi tetap merujuk pada kemampuan atau kompetensi dasar literasi yakni kemampuan membaca serta menulis. Intinya, hal yang paling penting dari istilah literasi adalah bebas buta aksara supaya bisa memahami semua konsep secara fungsional, sedangkan cara untuk mendapatkan kemampuan literasi ini adalah dengan melalui pendidikan. Sejauh ini, terdapat 9 macam literasi, antara lain:

1)              Literasi Kesehatan

Literasi kesehatan merupakan kemampuan untuk memperoleh, mengolah serta memahami informasi dasar mengenai kesehatan serta layanan-layanan apa saja yang diperlukan di dalam membuat keputusan kesehatan yang tepat.

2)   Literasi Finansial

Yang kedua adalah literasi finansial, yakni kemampuan di dalam membuat penilaian terhadap informasi serta keputusan yang efektif pada penggunaan dan juga pengelolaan uang, dimana kemampuan yang dimaksud mencakup berbagai hal yang ada kaitannya dengan bidang keuangan.

3)   Literasi Digital

Literasi digital merupakan kemampuan dasar secara teknis untuk menjalankan komputer serta internet, yang ditambah dengan memahami serta mampu berpikir kritis dan juga melakukan evaluasi pada media digital dan bisa merancang konten komunikasi.

4)   Literasi Data

Literasi data merupakan kemampuan untuk mendapatkan informasi dari data, lebih tepatnya kemampuan untuk memahami kompleksitas analisis data

5)   Literasi Kritikal

Literasi kritikal merupakan suatu pendekatan instruksional yang menganjurkan untuk adopsi perspektif secara kritis terhadap teks, atau dengan kata lain, jenis literasi yang satu ini bisa kita pahami sebagai kemampuan untuk mendorong para pembaca supaya bisa aktif menganalisis teks dan juga mengungkapkan pesan yang menjadi dasar argumentasi teks

6)   Literasi Visual

Literasi visual adalah kemampuan untuk menafsirkan, menciptakan dan menego- siasikan makna dari informasi yang berbentuk gambar visual. Literasi visual bisa juga kita artikan sebagai kemampuan dasar di dalam menginterpretasikan teks yang tertulis menjadi interpretasi dengan produk desain visual seperti video atau gambar

7)   Literasi Teknologi

Literasi teknologi adalah kemampuan seseorang untuk bekerja secara independen mau pun bekerjasama dengan orang lain secara efektif, penuh tanggung jawab dan tepat dengan menggunakan instrumen teknologi untuk mendapat, mengelola, kemudian mengintegrasikan, mengevaluasi, membuat serta mengkomunikasikan informasi.

8)   Literasi Statistik

Literasi statistik adalah kemampuan untuk memahami statistik. Pemahaman mengenai ini memang diperlukan oleh masyarakat supaya bisa memahami materi-materi yang dipublikasikan oleh media.

9)   Literasi Informasi

Literasi informasi merupakan kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh seseorang di dalam mengenali kapankah suatu informasi diperlukan dan kemampuan untuk menemukan serta mengevaluasi, kemudian menggunakannya secara efektif dan mampu mengkomunikasikan informasi yang dimaksud dalam berbagai format yang jelas dan mudah dipahami.

3.   Pentingnya Literasi

Jika dilihat dari pengertian yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya, memang literasi hanya tampak berkaitan dengan kegiatan membaca dan menulis saja. Namun sekarang sudah berbeda, karena literasi juga mencakup pengetahuan seseorang berkomunikasi di dalam masyarakat, sehingga tidak heran bila kemudian gerakan literasi mulai digalakkan. Literasi begitu penting dalam kehidupan manusia apalagi yang hidup di zaman yang diwarnai kecanggihan teknologi saat ini. Literasi sangat diperlukan dalam segala lini kehidupan manusia karena kemampuan literasi bisa menjadi kunci manusia berproses menjadi lebih berpengetahuan dan berperadaban.

Salah satu cara yang bisa ditempuh meningkatkan kemampuan literasi ini adalah dengan banyak membaca buku. Hanya saja yang sangat disayangkan adalah membaca tampaknya bukanlah budaya masyarakat Indonesia, mengingat masih banyak daerah di Indonesia yang minat bacanya rendah, dan alhasil kemampuan literasinya juga rendah. Setidaknya, ada berbagai hal yang menyebabkan kemampuan literasi terutama pada siswa siswi sekolah menjadi rendah, antara lain:

  1. Guru memiliki minat baca yang rendah
  2. Buku-buku yang bisa menarik minat baca siswa cukup sulit untuk diakses
  3. Kondisi perpustakaan yang kadangkala kurang memadai
  4. Minimnya buku bacaan yang tersedia
  5. Kemampuan guru dalam menerapkan pembelajaran berbasis literasi masih rendah

Gerakan literasi sekarang ini menjadi gerakan yang terus disosialisasikan pada setiap lapisan masyarakat. Kegiatan literasi merupakan suatu bentuk hak dari setiap orang untuk belajar di sepanjang hidupnya, dimana harapannya adalah dengan kemampuan literasi yang meningkat, kualitas hidup masyarakat juga bisa meningkat juga. Multiple Effect  yang dimilikinya juga dianggap bisa membantu pembangunan yang berkelanjutan seperti pemberantasan kemiskinan, pertumbuhan penduduk, pengurangan angka kematian dan lain-lain. Dalam praktiknya, pemahaman analisis data sering membutuhkan perangkat lunak yang sudah diaktivasi secara legal seperti melalui KMSPico safe download agar hasil olahan data berjalan optimal.

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